Background and Effects of NREGA on Potential Benefits, Rural-Urban Migration and Food Security Vis-a-Vis Present Status: Empirical Analysis of Bihar

Shikha Yadav; Ramesh Kumar Yadav; Rajiv Kumar Sinha

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.14

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Background and Effects of NREGA on Potential Benefits, Rural-Urban Migration and Food Security Vis-a-Vis Present Status: Empirical Analysis of Bihar

Shikha Yadav, Ramesh Kumar Yadav, Rajiv Kumar Sinha

Published in International Journal of Agricultural Economics (Volume 7, Issue 3)

Received: 23 April 2022 Accepted: 9 May 2022 Published: 26 May 2022

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Abstract

On 2nd February, 2006, the Government of India implemented the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) as a part of its Common Minimum Programme (CMP) Agenda in 200 districts across India, which was extended to the remaining districts across the states and Union Territories w.e.f. 1st April, 2008. On 2nd October, 2009, the scheme was renamed as 'Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Pitched tentatively as Mission of Shri Narendra Modi led Government of India with larger ambition of Antyodaya, efforts are being made to work on a major plan to converge Social Welfare Plans and Schemes across Ministries and target these to reach individual households- based on their specific deprivations as indicated in the recently published Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC). Objectives: (i) To briefly annotate background of employment policies in India, (ii) Concept and provisions of NREGA, (iii) Envelop latest restructuring of social welfare plan, (iv) Illuminate changes in charges of agricultural operations, village economy during post-NREGA period, (v) Pause upon effects, (vi) Gauge potential benefits related to food security, (vii) Discuss current scenario of MNREGA in Bihar and (viii) Suggest Action Points. Methodology: For featuring objective-based analysis, five districts from the Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western and Central regions of the state were taken up. The districts of Samastipur, Kishanganj and Rohtas were selected from Phase-I and Banka and Goplaganj from Phase-II. A total of 10 villages-2 from each district were surveyed using ‘structured household questionnaire’ and a ‘Village Schedule'. Of the two villages selected from each district, one was within a 5 km periphery from the district/city headquarters, and the second was the one, situated at a distance of 20 km or more. 200 participants, i.e. 20 each from the selected 10 villages (who worked as NREGA wage worker)- were surveyed for detailed information. Further, for being elaborately familiarized with around realities in detail, 5 villagers (who did not work as 'NREGA labourer) were surveyed from each of the 10 villages spread over 5 districts of Bihar. In this way, total sample size was 250. For the selection of participant households, stratified random sampling was used with Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Caste, Other Backward Caste and Forward Castes (others) given proportionate representation. Reference Period: The study used secondary data for the period before NREGA (i.e. 2001 and 2005) and particular 'reference years 2009 to 2013'. For primary data, the selected year was 2009 (January- December) and some aspects were revisited in 2019.

Published in	International Journal of Agricultural Economics (Volume 7, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.14
Page(s)	129-139
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

NREGS (National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme), CMP (Common Minimunm Programme), WEPs (Wage Employment Programmes), WAS (Wage Absorption Statistics), CEGC (Central Employment Guarantee Council)

References

[1]	Kunt, Demirguie., A. & Levine, R. Beck, A., T & Hanohan (2008), “Fi-nancial inclusion and their role in inclusive growth,” http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf-2009_44/26-27....
[2]	Ghosh, A. K. (2016), ‘Indian employment report: challenges and the imperative of manufacturing-led growth’, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, p. 83-124.
[3]	Ministry of Rural Development (2005), Department of Rural Development, Govt. of India, ‘The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (NREGA)’, Operational Guidelines.
[4]	Minister's View Point (2012), NREGA: A need to look beyond the success, Gramin Bharat, p. 60-61.
[5]	12th Five- Year Plan (2012-17), Social sectors, Planning Commission, Govt. of India, Vol. -III, p. 124-159.
[6]	Sanyal, Subhashree (2011), ‘Rural Employment Generation Programmes in India: An agricultural review, Kurukshetra January, p. 15-17.
[7]	Karmakar & Jana (2018), ‘India's employment policy and its challenges on employment generation’, 'The Indian Economic Journal (Journal of the IEA)', Special Issue, December, p. 22-37.
[8]	Economic Surveys (2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18), Govt. of India.
[9]	Singh, Ram Pravesh & Sinha, Rajiv Kumar (2018), "Bringing out ascertained potentiality of MGNREGA and creation of productive and decent employment: An empirical analysis of Bihar", 'The Indian Economic Journal, Special Issue, December, P-271-288.
[10]	Sinha, Dr. Rajiv Kumar & Marandi, Dr. Rosline Kusum (2011), "Impact of NREGA on wage rate, food security and rural-urban migration In Bihar", ‘Agro- Economic Research Centre for Bihar & Jharkhand Research Study No.- 29, April, Pp. 37-102.
[11]	Dainik Jagaran (2021), April-27, p. -2.
[12]	Asesh, Arun (2021), ‘Sl. No. 11, April 28, p. -2.
[13]	Sl. No. 12 (2021), May 5, p. -2.
[14]	Sl. No. 11-(2021), May 9, p .-2.
[15]	State Bureau (2021),’Dainik Jagaran’, p. -2.
[16]	‘Dainik Jagaran’ (2021), December 28, p. -8.
[17]	‘Rajdhani Jagaran’ (2022), May 15, p. -2.

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Shikha Yadav, Ramesh Kumar Yadav, Rajiv Kumar Sinha. (2022). Background and Effects of NREGA on Potential Benefits, Rural-Urban Migration and Food Security Vis-a-Vis Present Status: Empirical Analysis of Bihar. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, 7(3), 129-139. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.14

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Shikha Yadav; Ramesh Kumar Yadav; Rajiv Kumar Sinha. Background and Effects of NREGA on Potential Benefits, Rural-Urban Migration and Food Security Vis-a-Vis Present Status: Empirical Analysis of Bihar. Int. J. Agric. Econ. 2022, 7(3), 129-139. doi: 10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.14

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AMA Style

Shikha Yadav, Ramesh Kumar Yadav, Rajiv Kumar Sinha. Background and Effects of NREGA on Potential Benefits, Rural-Urban Migration and Food Security Vis-a-Vis Present Status: Empirical Analysis of Bihar. Int J Agric Econ. 2022;7(3):129-139. doi: 10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.14,
  author = {Shikha Yadav and Ramesh Kumar Yadav and Rajiv Kumar Sinha},
  title = {Background and Effects of NREGA on Potential Benefits, Rural-Urban Migration and Food Security Vis-a-Vis Present Status: Empirical Analysis of Bihar},
  journal = {International Journal of Agricultural Economics},
  volume = {7},
  number = {3},
  pages = {129-139},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijae.20220703.14},
  abstract = {On 2nd February, 2006, the Government of India implemented the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) as a part of its Common Minimum Programme (CMP) Agenda in 200 districts across India, which was extended to the remaining districts across the states and Union Territories w.e.f. 1st April, 2008. On 2nd October, 2009, the scheme was renamed as 'Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Pitched tentatively as Mission of Shri Narendra Modi led Government of India with larger ambition of Antyodaya, efforts are being made to work on a major plan to converge Social Welfare Plans and Schemes across Ministries and target these to reach individual households- based on their specific deprivations as indicated in the recently published Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC). Objectives: (i) To briefly annotate background of employment policies in India, (ii) Concept and provisions of NREGA, (iii) Envelop latest restructuring of social welfare plan, (iv) Illuminate changes in charges of agricultural operations, village economy during post-NREGA period, (v) Pause upon effects, (vi) Gauge potential benefits related to food security, (vii) Discuss current scenario of MNREGA in Bihar and (viii) Suggest Action Points. Methodology: For featuring objective-based analysis, five districts from the Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western and Central regions of the state were taken up. The districts of Samastipur, Kishanganj and Rohtas were selected from Phase-I and Banka and Goplaganj from Phase-II. A total of 10 villages-2 from each district were surveyed using ‘structured household questionnaire’ and a ‘Village Schedule'. Of the two villages selected from each district, one was within a 5 km periphery from the district/city headquarters, and the second was the one, situated at a distance of 20 km or more. 200 participants, i.e. 20 each from the selected 10 villages (who worked as NREGA wage worker)- were surveyed for detailed information. Further, for being elaborately familiarized with around realities in detail, 5 villagers (who did not work as 'NREGA labourer) were surveyed from each of the 10 villages spread over 5 districts of Bihar. In this way, total sample size was 250. For the selection of participant households, stratified random sampling was used with Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Caste, Other Backward Caste and Forward Castes (others) given proportionate representation. Reference Period: The study used secondary data for the period before NREGA (i.e. 2001 and 2005) and particular 'reference years 2009 to 2013'. For primary data, the selected year was 2009 (January- December) and some aspects were revisited in 2019.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Background and Effects of NREGA on Potential Benefits, Rural-Urban Migration and Food Security Vis-a-Vis Present Status: Empirical Analysis of Bihar
AU - Shikha Yadav
AU - Ramesh Kumar Yadav
AU - Rajiv Kumar Sinha
Y1 - 2022/05/26
PY - 2022
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.14
DO - 10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.14
T2 - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
JF - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
JO - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
SP - 129
EP - 139
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2575-3843
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.14
AB - On 2nd February, 2006, the Government of India implemented the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) as a part of its Common Minimum Programme (CMP) Agenda in 200 districts across India, which was extended to the remaining districts across the states and Union Territories w.e.f. 1st April, 2008. On 2nd October, 2009, the scheme was renamed as 'Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Pitched tentatively as Mission of Shri Narendra Modi led Government of India with larger ambition of Antyodaya, efforts are being made to work on a major plan to converge Social Welfare Plans and Schemes across Ministries and target these to reach individual households- based on their specific deprivations as indicated in the recently published Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC). Objectives: (i) To briefly annotate background of employment policies in India, (ii) Concept and provisions of NREGA, (iii) Envelop latest restructuring of social welfare plan, (iv) Illuminate changes in charges of agricultural operations, village economy during post-NREGA period, (v) Pause upon effects, (vi) Gauge potential benefits related to food security, (vii) Discuss current scenario of MNREGA in Bihar and (viii) Suggest Action Points. Methodology: For featuring objective-based analysis, five districts from the Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western and Central regions of the state were taken up. The districts of Samastipur, Kishanganj and Rohtas were selected from Phase-I and Banka and Goplaganj from Phase-II. A total of 10 villages-2 from each district were surveyed using ‘structured household questionnaire’ and a ‘Village Schedule'. Of the two villages selected from each district, one was within a 5 km periphery from the district/city headquarters, and the second was the one, situated at a distance of 20 km or more. 200 participants, i.e. 20 each from the selected 10 villages (who worked as NREGA wage worker)- were surveyed for detailed information. Further, for being elaborately familiarized with around realities in detail, 5 villagers (who did not work as 'NREGA labourer) were surveyed from each of the 10 villages spread over 5 districts of Bihar. In this way, total sample size was 250. For the selection of participant households, stratified random sampling was used with Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Caste, Other Backward Caste and Forward Castes (others) given proportionate representation. Reference Period: The study used secondary data for the period before NREGA (i.e. 2001 and 2005) and particular 'reference years 2009 to 2013'. For primary data, the selected year was 2009 (January- December) and some aspects were revisited in 2019.
VL - 7
IS - 3
ER -

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Author Information

Shikha Yadav

Department of Geography, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
Ramesh Kumar Yadav

Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
Rajiv Kumar Sinha

Agro-Economic Research Centre for Bihar & Jharkhand, Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, India

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APA Style

Shikha Yadav, Ramesh Kumar Yadav, Rajiv Kumar Sinha. (2022). Background and Effects of NREGA on Potential Benefits, Rural-Urban Migration and Food Security Vis-a-Vis Present Status: Empirical Analysis of Bihar. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, 7(3), 129-139. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.14

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ACS Style

Shikha Yadav; Ramesh Kumar Yadav; Rajiv Kumar Sinha. Background and Effects of NREGA on Potential Benefits, Rural-Urban Migration and Food Security Vis-a-Vis Present Status: Empirical Analysis of Bihar. Int. J. Agric. Econ. 2022, 7(3), 129-139. doi: 10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.14

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AMA Style

Shikha Yadav, Ramesh Kumar Yadav, Rajiv Kumar Sinha. Background and Effects of NREGA on Potential Benefits, Rural-Urban Migration and Food Security Vis-a-Vis Present Status: Empirical Analysis of Bihar. Int J Agric Econ. 2022;7(3):129-139. doi: 10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.14,
  author = {Shikha Yadav and Ramesh Kumar Yadav and Rajiv Kumar Sinha},
  title = {Background and Effects of NREGA on Potential Benefits, Rural-Urban Migration and Food Security Vis-a-Vis Present Status: Empirical Analysis of Bihar},
  journal = {International Journal of Agricultural Economics},
  volume = {7},
  number = {3},
  pages = {129-139},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijae.20220703.14},
  abstract = {On 2nd February, 2006, the Government of India implemented the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) as a part of its Common Minimum Programme (CMP) Agenda in 200 districts across India, which was extended to the remaining districts across the states and Union Territories w.e.f. 1st April, 2008. On 2nd October, 2009, the scheme was renamed as 'Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Pitched tentatively as Mission of Shri Narendra Modi led Government of India with larger ambition of Antyodaya, efforts are being made to work on a major plan to converge Social Welfare Plans and Schemes across Ministries and target these to reach individual households- based on their specific deprivations as indicated in the recently published Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC). Objectives: (i) To briefly annotate background of employment policies in India, (ii) Concept and provisions of NREGA, (iii) Envelop latest restructuring of social welfare plan, (iv) Illuminate changes in charges of agricultural operations, village economy during post-NREGA period, (v) Pause upon effects, (vi) Gauge potential benefits related to food security, (vii) Discuss current scenario of MNREGA in Bihar and (viii) Suggest Action Points. Methodology: For featuring objective-based analysis, five districts from the Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western and Central regions of the state were taken up. The districts of Samastipur, Kishanganj and Rohtas were selected from Phase-I and Banka and Goplaganj from Phase-II. A total of 10 villages-2 from each district were surveyed using ‘structured household questionnaire’ and a ‘Village Schedule'. Of the two villages selected from each district, one was within a 5 km periphery from the district/city headquarters, and the second was the one, situated at a distance of 20 km or more. 200 participants, i.e. 20 each from the selected 10 villages (who worked as NREGA wage worker)- were surveyed for detailed information. Further, for being elaborately familiarized with around realities in detail, 5 villagers (who did not work as 'NREGA labourer) were surveyed from each of the 10 villages spread over 5 districts of Bihar. In this way, total sample size was 250. For the selection of participant households, stratified random sampling was used with Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Caste, Other Backward Caste and Forward Castes (others) given proportionate representation. Reference Period: The study used secondary data for the period before NREGA (i.e. 2001 and 2005) and particular 'reference years 2009 to 2013'. For primary data, the selected year was 2009 (January- December) and some aspects were revisited in 2019.},
 year = {2022}
}

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