Profitability Analysis of Smallholder Rice Production Under Urea Deep Placement Technology and Conventional Fertilizer Application Practice in North Central, Nigeria

Ike Nkechinyere Ifeoma; Ater Peter Iorhon; Aye Goodness Chioma

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12

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Profitability Analysis of Smallholder Rice Production Under Urea Deep Placement Technology and Conventional Fertilizer Application Practice in North Central, Nigeria

Ike Nkechinyere Ifeoma, Ater Peter Iorhon, Aye Goodness Chioma

Published in International Journal of Agricultural Economics (Volume 7, Issue 3)

Received: 27 December 2021 Accepted: 1 April 2022 Published: 26 May 2022

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Abstract

The study examined the profitability of smallholder rice farmer’s under urea deep placement innovation and conventional fertilizer application practice in north central Nigeria. The study was carried out in six (6) LGA’s of Wushishi, Shiroro and Katcha in Niger State and Gwer East, Okpokwu and Kwande in Benue State respectively of North Central Nigeria. The study was guided by two objectives which were analyzed using descriptive statistics and standard farm management accounting models. Systematic, multistage and purposive sampling techniques were adopted to select 398 rice farmers from the study area consisting of 197 farmers using the urea deep placement innovation (UDP farmers) and 201 farmers practicing the conventional broadcast of urea fertilizers (Non-UDP farmers) for rice production. The structured questionnaire used to source the primary data for the study was administered by trained field extension agents to the respondent farmers using personal interview. However, assistance was given to farmers who were unable to read or undertstand the contents of the questionnaire. Findings from the study revealed that majority (78%) of the farmers were male; with mean age of 42years for UDP farmers and 41years for Non-UDP farmers. The mean farm size cultivated by the farmers’ was 1.2ha (UDP farmers) and 1.3ha (Non-UDP farmers) in Benue State, while in Niger State it was 3.6ha (UDP farmers) and 2.3ha (Non-UDP farmers) respectively. UDP farmers harvested an average output (paddy) of 4.23Mt/ha (3.2Mt/ha milled equivalent) as against 2.76Mt/ha (2.1Mt/ha milled equivalent) obtained by Non-UDP farmers. The Net Farm Income (NFI) and profitability ratio analysis revealed that UDP farmers earned a mean net farm income of N276, 986.68 as against the N117, 354.27 earned by Non-UDP farmers in Niger State; while in Benue State the mean NFI was estimated as N312, 451.84 for UDP farmers as against the N137, 326.64 earned by Non-UDP farmer respectively. The profitability ratio analysis revealed a return on investment (ROI) of 0.92 (92%) for UDP farmers in both states; while it was 0.46 (46%) and 0.48 (48%) for Non-UDP farmers in Niger and Benue State respectively. These results implies that UDP farmers had a higher return of (0.44) 44% for each invested naira (N) over their Non-UDP counterpart from both states. The key policy statement and recommendation from the study is that UDP technology should be spread widely among Nigerian rice farmers to enhance the countrys’ capacity to increase output and attain self sufficiency in rice production. To achieve this, there is need to create more awareness of the urea deep placement technology and address the challenges militating against its adaption among rice producers in the area and country at large.

Published in	International Journal of Agricultural Economics (Volume 7, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12
Page(s)	108-119
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Rice, Smallholder, UDP Farmers, Non-UDP Farmers, Profitability, Niger State, Benue States, Nigeria

References

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Ike Nkechinyere Ifeoma, Ater Peter Iorhon, Aye Goodness Chioma. (2022). Profitability Analysis of Smallholder Rice Production Under Urea Deep Placement Technology and Conventional Fertilizer Application Practice in North Central, Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, 7(3), 108-119. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12

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Ike Nkechinyere Ifeoma; Ater Peter Iorhon; Aye Goodness Chioma. Profitability Analysis of Smallholder Rice Production Under Urea Deep Placement Technology and Conventional Fertilizer Application Practice in North Central, Nigeria. Int. J. Agric. Econ. 2022, 7(3), 108-119. doi: 10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12

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Ike Nkechinyere Ifeoma, Ater Peter Iorhon, Aye Goodness Chioma. Profitability Analysis of Smallholder Rice Production Under Urea Deep Placement Technology and Conventional Fertilizer Application Practice in North Central, Nigeria. Int J Agric Econ. 2022;7(3):108-119. doi: 10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12,
  author = {Ike Nkechinyere Ifeoma and Ater Peter Iorhon and Aye Goodness Chioma},
  title = {Profitability Analysis of Smallholder Rice Production Under Urea Deep Placement Technology and Conventional Fertilizer Application Practice in North Central, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Agricultural Economics},
  volume = {7},
  number = {3},
  pages = {108-119},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijae.20220703.12},
  abstract = {The study examined the profitability of smallholder rice farmer’s under urea deep placement innovation and conventional fertilizer application practice in north central Nigeria. The study was carried out in six (6) LGA’s of Wushishi, Shiroro and Katcha in Niger State and Gwer East, Okpokwu and Kwande in Benue State respectively of North Central Nigeria. The study was guided by two objectives which were analyzed using descriptive statistics and standard farm management accounting models. Systematic, multistage and purposive sampling techniques were adopted to select 398 rice farmers from the study area consisting of 197 farmers using the urea deep placement innovation (UDP farmers) and 201 farmers practicing the conventional broadcast of urea fertilizers (Non-UDP farmers) for rice production. The structured questionnaire used to source the primary data for the study was administered by trained field extension agents to the respondent farmers using personal interview. However, assistance was given to farmers who were unable to read or undertstand the contents of the questionnaire. Findings from the study revealed that majority (78%) of the farmers were male; with mean age of 42years for UDP farmers and 41years for Non-UDP farmers. The mean farm size cultivated by the farmers’ was 1.2ha (UDP farmers) and 1.3ha (Non-UDP farmers) in Benue State, while in Niger State it was 3.6ha (UDP farmers) and 2.3ha (Non-UDP farmers) respectively. UDP farmers harvested an average output (paddy) of 4.23Mt/ha (3.2Mt/ha milled equivalent) as against 2.76Mt/ha (2.1Mt/ha milled equivalent) obtained by Non-UDP farmers. The Net Farm Income (NFI) and profitability ratio analysis revealed that UDP farmers earned a mean net farm income of N276, 986.68 as against the N117, 354.27 earned by Non-UDP farmers in Niger State; while in Benue State the mean NFI was estimated as N312, 451.84 for UDP farmers as against the N137, 326.64 earned by Non-UDP farmer respectively. The profitability ratio analysis revealed a return on investment (ROI) of 0.92 (92%) for UDP farmers in both states; while it was 0.46 (46%) and 0.48 (48%) for Non-UDP farmers in Niger and Benue State respectively. These results implies that UDP farmers had a higher return of (0.44) 44% for each invested naira (N) over their Non-UDP counterpart from both states. The key policy statement and recommendation from the study is that UDP technology should be spread widely among Nigerian rice farmers to enhance the countrys’ capacity to increase output and attain self sufficiency in rice production. To achieve this, there is need to create more awareness of the urea deep placement technology and address the challenges militating against its adaption among rice producers in the area and country at large.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Profitability Analysis of Smallholder Rice Production Under Urea Deep Placement Technology and Conventional Fertilizer Application Practice in North Central, Nigeria
AU  - Ike Nkechinyere Ifeoma
AU  - Ater Peter Iorhon
AU  - Aye Goodness Chioma
Y1  - 2022/05/26
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12
T2  - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
JF  - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
JO  - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
SP  - 108
EP  - 119
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-3843
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12
AB  - The study examined the profitability of smallholder rice farmer’s under urea deep placement innovation and conventional fertilizer application practice in north central Nigeria. The study was carried out in six (6) LGA’s of Wushishi, Shiroro and Katcha in Niger State and Gwer East, Okpokwu and Kwande in Benue State respectively of North Central Nigeria. The study was guided by two objectives which were analyzed using descriptive statistics and standard farm management accounting models. Systematic, multistage and purposive sampling techniques were adopted to select 398 rice farmers from the study area consisting of 197 farmers using the urea deep placement innovation (UDP farmers) and 201 farmers practicing the conventional broadcast of urea fertilizers (Non-UDP farmers) for rice production. The structured questionnaire used to source the primary data for the study was administered by trained field extension agents to the respondent farmers using personal interview. However, assistance was given to farmers who were unable to read or undertstand the contents of the questionnaire. Findings from the study revealed that majority (78%) of the farmers were male; with mean age of 42years for UDP farmers and 41years for Non-UDP farmers. The mean farm size cultivated by the farmers’ was 1.2ha (UDP farmers) and 1.3ha (Non-UDP farmers) in Benue State, while in Niger State it was 3.6ha (UDP farmers) and 2.3ha (Non-UDP farmers) respectively. UDP farmers harvested an average output (paddy) of 4.23Mt/ha (3.2Mt/ha milled equivalent) as against 2.76Mt/ha (2.1Mt/ha milled equivalent) obtained by Non-UDP farmers. The Net Farm Income (NFI) and profitability ratio analysis revealed that UDP farmers earned a mean net farm income of N276, 986.68 as against the N117, 354.27 earned by Non-UDP farmers in Niger State; while in Benue State the mean NFI was estimated as N312, 451.84 for UDP farmers as against the N137, 326.64 earned by Non-UDP farmer respectively. The profitability ratio analysis revealed a return on investment (ROI) of 0.92 (92%) for UDP farmers in both states; while it was 0.46 (46%) and 0.48 (48%) for Non-UDP farmers in Niger and Benue State respectively. These results implies that UDP farmers had a higher return of (0.44) 44% for each invested naira (N) over their Non-UDP counterpart from both states. The key policy statement and recommendation from the study is that UDP technology should be spread widely among Nigerian rice farmers to enhance the countrys’ capacity to increase output and attain self sufficiency in rice production. To achieve this, there is need to create more awareness of the urea deep placement technology and address the challenges militating against its adaption among rice producers in the area and country at large.
VL  - 7
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Ike Nkechinyere Ifeoma

National Programme for Food Security, Abuja, Nigeria
Ater Peter Iorhon

Department of Agricultural Economics, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
Aye Goodness Chioma

Department of Agricultural Economics, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria

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Ike Nkechinyere Ifeoma, Ater Peter Iorhon, Aye Goodness Chioma. (2022). Profitability Analysis of Smallholder Rice Production Under Urea Deep Placement Technology and Conventional Fertilizer Application Practice in North Central, Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, 7(3), 108-119. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12

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Ike Nkechinyere Ifeoma; Ater Peter Iorhon; Aye Goodness Chioma. Profitability Analysis of Smallholder Rice Production Under Urea Deep Placement Technology and Conventional Fertilizer Application Practice in North Central, Nigeria. Int. J. Agric. Econ. 2022, 7(3), 108-119. doi: 10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12

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AMA Style

Ike Nkechinyere Ifeoma, Ater Peter Iorhon, Aye Goodness Chioma. Profitability Analysis of Smallholder Rice Production Under Urea Deep Placement Technology and Conventional Fertilizer Application Practice in North Central, Nigeria. Int J Agric Econ. 2022;7(3):108-119. doi: 10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12,
  author = {Ike Nkechinyere Ifeoma and Ater Peter Iorhon and Aye Goodness Chioma},
  title = {Profitability Analysis of Smallholder Rice Production Under Urea Deep Placement Technology and Conventional Fertilizer Application Practice in North Central, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Agricultural Economics},
  volume = {7},
  number = {3},
  pages = {108-119},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijae.20220703.12},
  abstract = {The study examined the profitability of smallholder rice farmer’s under urea deep placement innovation and conventional fertilizer application practice in north central Nigeria. The study was carried out in six (6) LGA’s of Wushishi, Shiroro and Katcha in Niger State and Gwer East, Okpokwu and Kwande in Benue State respectively of North Central Nigeria. The study was guided by two objectives which were analyzed using descriptive statistics and standard farm management accounting models. Systematic, multistage and purposive sampling techniques were adopted to select 398 rice farmers from the study area consisting of 197 farmers using the urea deep placement innovation (UDP farmers) and 201 farmers practicing the conventional broadcast of urea fertilizers (Non-UDP farmers) for rice production. The structured questionnaire used to source the primary data for the study was administered by trained field extension agents to the respondent farmers using personal interview. However, assistance was given to farmers who were unable to read or undertstand the contents of the questionnaire. Findings from the study revealed that majority (78%) of the farmers were male; with mean age of 42years for UDP farmers and 41years for Non-UDP farmers. The mean farm size cultivated by the farmers’ was 1.2ha (UDP farmers) and 1.3ha (Non-UDP farmers) in Benue State, while in Niger State it was 3.6ha (UDP farmers) and 2.3ha (Non-UDP farmers) respectively. UDP farmers harvested an average output (paddy) of 4.23Mt/ha (3.2Mt/ha milled equivalent) as against 2.76Mt/ha (2.1Mt/ha milled equivalent) obtained by Non-UDP farmers. The Net Farm Income (NFI) and profitability ratio analysis revealed that UDP farmers earned a mean net farm income of N276, 986.68 as against the N117, 354.27 earned by Non-UDP farmers in Niger State; while in Benue State the mean NFI was estimated as N312, 451.84 for UDP farmers as against the N137, 326.64 earned by Non-UDP farmer respectively. The profitability ratio analysis revealed a return on investment (ROI) of 0.92 (92%) for UDP farmers in both states; while it was 0.46 (46%) and 0.48 (48%) for Non-UDP farmers in Niger and Benue State respectively. These results implies that UDP farmers had a higher return of (0.44) 44% for each invested naira (N) over their Non-UDP counterpart from both states. The key policy statement and recommendation from the study is that UDP technology should be spread widely among Nigerian rice farmers to enhance the countrys’ capacity to increase output and attain self sufficiency in rice production. To achieve this, there is need to create more awareness of the urea deep placement technology and address the challenges militating against its adaption among rice producers in the area and country at large.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Profitability Analysis of Smallholder Rice Production Under Urea Deep Placement Technology and Conventional Fertilizer Application Practice in North Central, Nigeria
AU  - Ike Nkechinyere Ifeoma
AU  - Ater Peter Iorhon
AU  - Aye Goodness Chioma
Y1  - 2022/05/26
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12
T2  - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
JF  - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
JO  - International Journal of Agricultural Economics
SP  - 108
EP  - 119
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-3843
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20220703.12
AB  - The study examined the profitability of smallholder rice farmer’s under urea deep placement innovation and conventional fertilizer application practice in north central Nigeria. The study was carried out in six (6) LGA’s of Wushishi, Shiroro and Katcha in Niger State and Gwer East, Okpokwu and Kwande in Benue State respectively of North Central Nigeria. The study was guided by two objectives which were analyzed using descriptive statistics and standard farm management accounting models. Systematic, multistage and purposive sampling techniques were adopted to select 398 rice farmers from the study area consisting of 197 farmers using the urea deep placement innovation (UDP farmers) and 201 farmers practicing the conventional broadcast of urea fertilizers (Non-UDP farmers) for rice production. The structured questionnaire used to source the primary data for the study was administered by trained field extension agents to the respondent farmers using personal interview. However, assistance was given to farmers who were unable to read or undertstand the contents of the questionnaire. Findings from the study revealed that majority (78%) of the farmers were male; with mean age of 42years for UDP farmers and 41years for Non-UDP farmers. The mean farm size cultivated by the farmers’ was 1.2ha (UDP farmers) and 1.3ha (Non-UDP farmers) in Benue State, while in Niger State it was 3.6ha (UDP farmers) and 2.3ha (Non-UDP farmers) respectively. UDP farmers harvested an average output (paddy) of 4.23Mt/ha (3.2Mt/ha milled equivalent) as against 2.76Mt/ha (2.1Mt/ha milled equivalent) obtained by Non-UDP farmers. The Net Farm Income (NFI) and profitability ratio analysis revealed that UDP farmers earned a mean net farm income of N276, 986.68 as against the N117, 354.27 earned by Non-UDP farmers in Niger State; while in Benue State the mean NFI was estimated as N312, 451.84 for UDP farmers as against the N137, 326.64 earned by Non-UDP farmer respectively. The profitability ratio analysis revealed a return on investment (ROI) of 0.92 (92%) for UDP farmers in both states; while it was 0.46 (46%) and 0.48 (48%) for Non-UDP farmers in Niger and Benue State respectively. These results implies that UDP farmers had a higher return of (0.44) 44% for each invested naira (N) over their Non-UDP counterpart from both states. The key policy statement and recommendation from the study is that UDP technology should be spread widely among Nigerian rice farmers to enhance the countrys’ capacity to increase output and attain self sufficiency in rice production. To achieve this, there is need to create more awareness of the urea deep placement technology and address the challenges militating against its adaption among rice producers in the area and country at large.
VL  - 7
IS  - 3
ER  -

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